Adaptive, Hands-Off Stream Mining

Sensor devices and embedded processors are becoming ubiquitous, especially in measurement and monitoring applications. Automatic discovery of patterns and trends in the large volumes of such data is of paramount importance. The combination of relatively limited resources (CPU, memory and/or communication bandwidth and power) poses some interesting challenges. We need both powerful and concise “languages” to represent the important features of the data, which can (a) adapt and handle arbitrary periodic components, including bursts, and (b) require little memory and a single pass over the data. This allows sensors to automatically (a) discover interesting patterns and trends in the data, and (b) perform outlier detection to alert users. We need a way so that a sensor can discover something like “the hourly phone call volume so far follows a daily and a weekly periodicity, with bursts roughly every year,” which a human might recognize as, e.g., the Mother’s day surge. When possible and if desired, the user can then issue explicit queries to further investigate the reported patterns. In this work we propose AWSOM (Arbitrary Window Stream mOdeling Method), which allows sensors operating in remote or hostile environments to discover patterns efficiently and effectively, with practically no user intervention. Our algorithms require limited resources and can thus be incorporated in individual sensors, possibly alongside a distributed query processing engine [CCC+02, BGS01, MSHR02]. Updates are performed in constant time, using sub-linear (in fact, logarithmic) space. Existing, state of the art forecasting methods (AR, SARIMA, GARCH, etc) fall short on one or more of these requirements. To the best of our knowledge, AWSOM is the first method that has all the above characteristics. Experiments on real and synthetic datasets demonstrate that AWSOM discovers meaningful patterns over long time periods. Thus, the patterns can also be used to make long-range forecasts, which are notoriously difficult to perform automatically and efficiently. In fact, AWSOM outperforms manually set up auto-regressive models, both in terms of long-term pattern detection and modeling, as well as by at least 10× in resource consumption.